Traumatic Brain Injury
What is traumatic brain injury?
Brain dysfunction as a result of any kind of external mechanical force causes traumatic brain injury (TBI). A violent blow or jolt to the head or body is usually the main cause of TBI. In the case of an object entering the skull, such as a bullet, or a piece of the skull itself may also result in TBI.
A severe traumatic brain injury can lead to serious problems like torn brain tissues, bruising, bleeding, and other physical damages to the brain. Mild TBI may result in milder and temporary dysfunction of the brain cells.
Do you know about Brain Injury?
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 2.87 million cases of TBI occurred in the United States in 2014, with over 837,000 cases occurring among children. In the United States alone, an estimated 13.5 million people are disabled as a result of traumatic brain injuries.
Brain injury costs are estimated to be $76.5 billion a year in direct and indirect costs.
Per year, about 288,000 people are treated for Brain injury, which is more than 20 times the number of people who are hospitalised for spinal cord injury.
The estimated number of brain injury-related emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and deaths has increased by 53% since 2006.
Brain injury is responsible for an unprecedented 2,529 deaths, 23,000 hospitalizations, and 837,000 emergency department visits by children aged 14 and younger.
Per year, 80,000-90,000 people develop long-term or life-long injuries as a result of a traumatic brain injury.
Males account for 78.8% of all confirmed Brain injuries, while females account for 21.2 percent, with males having higher Brain Injury rates (959 per 100,000) than females (811 per 100,000).
​
Around 21% of all Brain Injurys among American children and adolescents are caused by sports and recreational activities.
​
Older adults (75 years; 2,232 per 100,000 population), the very young (0 to 4 years; 1591 per 100,000), and young adults have the largest rates of Brain Injury (15 to 24 years; 1081 per 100,000).
​
Brain Injury has a mortality rate of 30 per 100,000, resulting in an estimated 50,000 deaths in the United States per year.
​
Head accidents are responsible for 34 percent of all violent deaths. After the age of 30, the risk of death from a head injury starts to rise.
Motor vehicle collisions, murders, and falls are the main causes of Brain Injury-related death.
Contusion
Distinct area of swollen brain tissue mixed with blood released from broken blood vessels.
Intracerebral hematoma
Bleeding within the brain caused by damage to a major blood vessel.
Penetrating head injury
Brain injury in which an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue.
Penetrating skull fracture
Brain injury in which an object pierces the skull and injures brain tissue.
Brain Injury Overview
Skull fracture
​Skull fractures are a typical manifestation of such brain injuries.
Anoxic brain injury.
​Brain tissue can die due to lack of oxygen.
​Anoxic Brain Damage
Anoxic brain damage (ABD) is harm to the brain due to a lack of oxygen.
Symptoms
Brain injuries can be fatal both mentally and physically. Common symptoms of the brain injury are:
​
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms
​
-
Forgetfulness
-
Headaches
-
Dizziness or vertigo
-
Depression
-
Drowsiness and lethargy
​
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms
​
-
Speaking problems
-
Vision problems
-
Fits or seizures
-
Coma for more than 24 hours
-
Numbness in fingers and toes
Implantation Of Stem Cells:
The stem cell implantation can be done in the following ways.
​
Intravenous administration
Intrathecal (lumber puncture)
Intramuscular
Intraarterial
Subcutaneous
Liberation angioplasty
Surgical administration for stroke
How is it diagnosed?
Traumatic brain injuries usually are rushed to emergency and expert doctors need to assess the condition at the earliest. Following tests may be performed for the assessment of the severity of brain injury.
Glasgow Coma Scale: This 15-point test helps a doctor or other emergency medical personnel to assess the initial severity of a brain injury by evaluating a person’s ability to follow different directions and checking the movement of their eyes and limbs.
Computerized tomography (CT) scan: In this, a detailed view of the brain is obtained using a series of X-rays. This unravels any fractures or internal bleeding in the brain (hemorrhage), bruised brain tissue (contusions), blood clots (hematomas) and brain tissue swelling.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Powerful radio waves and magnets are used to create a detailed view of the brain in MRI. This test may be used after the person’s condition has been stabilized.